Short oil alkyd resins

ABSTRACT

SHORT OIL ALKYD RESINS SUITABLE FOR USE IN BOTH BAKING TYPE AND NON-BAKING TYPES PAINTS, AND BEING EXCELLENT IN HARDNESS, TOUGHNESS, CHEMICAL RESISTANCE, COMPATIBILITY WITH OTHER FILM-FORMING MATERIALS, ETC., AND BEING MADE FROM POLYBASIC ACIDS, GLYCOLS AND TETRAHYDRIC AND/OR TRIHYDRIC ALCOHOLS, AND SATURATED AND/OR UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS HAVING 6-18 CARBON ATOMS.

United States Patent "ice SHORT OIIJALKYD 'RESINS Haruo "Kozu', t Morio "Kimura, Tadashi Watanabe, and Naozumi Iwasawa,z-Hiratsuka,i and Michio Yoshida, Amagasaki, J apan,: assignor s to Kansai Paint Company,

Limited, Amagasaki-shi, Japan No Drawjng. Filed Mar. 18,1970, Ser. No. 20,813 Claims priority, application Japan, Mar. 26, 1969,

Int.'Cl. C08g 17/16; C09d 3/64 Thi s invention relates toithe short oil alkyd resins characterized by the fact' tliat the"polymerization of said resiris is effected under'the conditions that the Average number of functionalfgroupsbf polyhydric alcohol composition is adjusted to a numberin a certain numerical range"and the icontent of fatty acids is adjusted to 10 by weight. "f

There'ha ve generally been used" as short oil alkyl resins, resins having acontent'of'at least by weight of C C saturated and/br un satur'ated? fatty acids. There have also been used oil-free alkyd resins containing no fatty acids. As-used herein the "conte'rit of fatty acids is defined by the following fornihlaz'f;

(Gontenthf attyacids) a i .(Fatty-acidsused) r erials) l'.-heoretioal dehydration) H X"i1 O0 (percent by weight) The resins c ont ai'ni'ng fatty acids l will be hereinafter referred' to as'"alky d resins arid the resins containingno fatty acids as oil-free alkyd resins.

The alkyd resins and oil-free alkyd resins have many defects,,andqthereforev short .oil alkyd resins cona in f t esids e 1amQ n y vweight Patented Apr. 11, 1972 and intermediate in property between the alkyd resins and oil-free alkyd resins have been sought. However, if the average number of functional groups of polyhydric alcohol composition is the same as the alkyd resins generally used in producing said short oil alkyd resins, the reaction product produced will be liable to have a structure with many branches and to gel during the practice of the manufacturing operation. In general, the average number of functional groups of polyhydric alcohol composition is more than 3, wherein average number of functional groups of polyhydric alcohol composition as hereinafter used is defined as follows;

(Average number of functional groups of polyhydric alcohol composition) (Total number of hydroxyl groups of dior higher hydric alcohols contained in the raw materials used) (Total number of molecules of dior higher hydric alcohols contained in the raw materials used) Thus, to avoid the gelling of the short oil alkyd resins produced, if the resins having a polyhydric alcohol composition generally used and a content of fatty acids of 10-20% by weight are polymerized to low degree of condensation, the resulting resin will be low in flexibility at its main molecule chain and will be hard but brittle as a defect because of its low content of fatty acids as plasticizer. Since such a resin of low polycondensation degree contains many hydroxyl and carboxylic groups left unreacted in the molecule, it has therefore a great polarity which causes low solubility in solvents and poor compatibility with other resins. This resin will cause poor storage stability of a paint in which it is used. In addition, because of its wide distribution of molecular weights and particularly because of its content of a large proportion of the low molecular Weight resin having a great polarity, it is liable to cause cratering, fish eyes and the like when a paint, which contains it, is coated. i The object of this invention is to provide short oil alkyd resins which overcome the above-mentioned defects and are excellent in performance.

= The gist of this invention resides in the fact that the desired short oil alkyd resins can be prepared by adjusting the composition of polyhydric alcohols used so that their average number of functional groups is limited, depending upon the content offatty acids, to a number within a certain desired numerical range. More particularly, this invention relates to alkyd resins from polybasic acids, glycols and tetrahydric and/or t'rihydric alcohols, and saturated and/orunsaturated fatty acids having 618 carbon atoms, characterized by adjustingthe composition of the polyhydric alcohols in such a manner that their average number of functional groups falls within the numerical range expressed by a four-sided figure,

the intersecting points of which are positioned at points, wt. percent, 2.25), wt. percent, 2.45), (10 wt. percent, 2.55) and (20 wt. percent, 2.75) in the coordinate system consisting of the abscissae indicating the wt. percent of fatty acids and the ordinate indicating the average number of functional groups.

Polybasic acids which may be used in the preparation of short oil alkyd resins according to this invention, include aromatic carboxylic acids and their anhydrides such as phthalic, isophthalic, terephthalic, trimellitic acids, and the like acids; cycloaliphatic dibasic carboxylic acids and their anhydrides for example, tetrahydrophthalic, hexahydrophthalic, tetrachlorophthalic, tetrabromophthalic, 3,6-endomethylene-A -tetrahydrophathalic and 3,6-endodichloromethylene-A -tetrachlorophthalic acid and their acid anhydrides; aliphatic dibasic carboxylic acids and their anhydrides for example, succinic, maleic, adipic, azeaic and sebacic acid and their acid anhydrides; and the mixtures thereof.

Trihydric and tetrahydric alcohols which may be used, include glycerine, trimethylolethane, trimethylolpropane, 1,2,6-hexanetriol, pentaerythritol and the like.

Glycols which may be used in the invention are primary or secondary alcoholic ones, for example 1,2-glycols such as ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, 1,2-butanediol, 1,2- pentanediol, 2,3-pentanediol, threo-2,3-pentanediol, erythro-2,3-pentanediol, 3-methyl-l,2-butanediol; 1,3-glycols such as trimethylene glycol, B-butylene glycol, 2,4-pentanediol, 2,2-dimethyltrimethylene glycol, 2,2-dimethyl-l,3- butanediol, 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-pentanediol; 1,4-glycols such as tetramethylene glycol, 1,4-pentanediol, 3-methyl-2,5- pentanediol, 1,4-hexanediol, 2,5-hexanediol; and 1,5-glycols or 1,6-glycols such as pentamethylene glycol, 1,5- hexanediol, hexamethylene glycol. These glycols must be used in combination with at least one of the trihydric and tetrahydric alcohols to obtain the desired average number of functional groups of polyhydric alcohol composition.

Saturated and/or unsaturated fatty acids having 6-18 carbon atoms, which may be used, include common vegetable oils, their fatty acids, tall oil fatty acids, and C C aliphatic monobasic acids and the mixtures thereof.

The preparation of short oil alkyd resins according to this invention is quite the same as the known process for the production of the conventional alkyd resins except that the former needs special consideration to prevent the loss of low boiling glycols.

Alkyd resins having a content of more than 20% by weight of fatty acids will have the same drawbacks as the conventional resins. In other words, such alkyd resins will give coatings or films which are inferior in hardness, flexibility, anti-contamination, weatherproofing, overbaking tolerance and the like when coated.

The alkyd resins having a content of less than 10% by weight of fatty acids will be insufficient in solubility in non-polar solvents and compatibility with other elements used together therewith for forming coatings and will also be incerased in polarity, aggregating property and surface tension of the resin molecules. It is thus liable to create fish eyes, cratering and the like when coated. These disadvantages are the same as those the oil-free alkyd resins have had.

If the alkyd resins are prepared under the condition that the average number of functional groups of polyhydric alcohol composition is smaller than the numbers expressed by the straight line drawn between the two points, (10 wt. percent, 2.25) and (20 wt. percent, 2.45) in the co-ordinate system, such resins will be cured slowly and form a coating of low degree of crosslinking because of the decrease in number of reactive hydroxyl groups. Thus, the formed coating has the defects that it is soft and liable to be swollen in solvents. On the other hand, if the average number of functional groups is larger than the numbers expressed by the straight line drawn between the two points, (10 wt. percent, 2.55) and (20 wt. percent, 2.75),

.4 in the co-ordinate system, the resulting resin will have a low molecule main chain which is high in degree of branching and low in degree of growth thereby deteriorating the flexibility of the high molecular main chain. It will also have intermolecular bridge making points distributed in a more highly non-uniform way thereby rendering the stress concentration liable to be caused in the mol ecule and will therefore have the defects that it is liable to cause brittle rupture and deteriorate adhesiveness when coated to form a coating containing curing component such as aminoplast resin.

If, according to this invention, the branching of the molecular main chain of a resin to be obtained is decreased by adjusting the average number of functional groups of polyhydric alcohol composition to within said numerical range using trihydric or tetrahydric alcohols and glycols, the resins thus obtained will have a molecular main chain of an increased linear structure thereby enhancing the uniformity of the bridge making points in the network formed by the reaction with the curing component. The decrease in amount of fatty acids used to terminate the growth of molecular chains can increase the average molecular weight of the resins to be obtained, resulting in the enhancement of flexibility of the molecular main chain of the resins thus obtained. Such resins will not easily cause the stress concentration when coated to form a coating and its stress-relieving velocity is high, strength and better adhesiveness than the conventional short oil alkyd resins or oil-free alkyd resins when coated to form the film. If the resins are made to contain a small proportion of fatty acid, their intermolecular cohesive force, which is otherwise too high as in the oil-free alkyd resins, will be lessened and their solubility and compatibility will consequentially be improved thereby decreasing the defects to be attributed to their original nonimproved properties mentioned above, when coated to form a coating. In addition, since the short oil alkyd resins, according to this invention, have a more uniform distribution of the branch making points and the low content of fatty acids as plastisizer, they will, when coated, give a coating characterized by being less swollen when contacted with solvents.

The short oil alkyd resins according to this invention are suitable for use in both baking type and non-baking type paints, and the films formed of these paints are excellent in hardness, toughness, chemical resistance, contamination resistance, overbaking tolerance and weathering durability compared with those formed of the conventional short oil alkyd resins and the same as those of the oil-free alkyd resins, and excellent in compatibility with other film-forming elements and workability in spray finishing, roller coating and other finishing compared with those formed of the oil-free alkyd resins. These excellent properties are not the same as the average values of the convention-a1 short oil alkyd resins and oil-free alkyd resins. The short oil alkyd resins according to this invention are surprisingly superior to the conventional short oil and the oil-free alkyd resins in property of a film containing it, solubility, compatibility with other film-forming elements, and the above-mentioned properties. These effects will never be obtained unless the average number of functional groups of polyhydric alcohol composition used and the content of fatty acids are not limited to within said defined ranges, respectively, in the preparation of the short oil alkyd resin, which simultaneous limitation is the feature of this invention.

These and other features of the invention will be better understood by the following non-limitative examples. The parts and percentages used in the examples are by Weight unless otherwise specified, and the numerals parenthesized represent a molar ratio.

iEXAM PIE 1 Into a 0.5 lit. reacting vessel provided with a thermometer, stirrer, water separator and feed tube for an inert gas, were charged .11 1.4 parts (0.753) of phthalic acid anhydride, 29.3 parts (0.201 of adipic acid, 72.1 parts (0.601) of trimethylolethaneand 41.5 parts (0.399) of neopentyl glycol. .The re sultingfmixture Was heated to 160 C. under agitationfor 30 minutes and then increasingly heated to 230 C. in an additional two hours. When the reactiontemperaturq reached to 230 C., 41.4 parts (0.197) ofcoconut oil fatty acid were added to the mixture, and further heated at. 230C. for two hours introducing nitrogen gas into the reacting vessel. The reacting vessel was further charged with xylene in an amount of 5% "or the 'wholematerial charged therein in order to promote t e remov-al by azeotropic distillation of cond'ensed water" duce'd as a lay-"product by the esterificatio ii maintai 'ng the tenrperature at 230 C. The heating was continued Wheh the' product had an acid value of 5 "mg." KOH/ resin, the heating was stopped, and then the 'resin thus' obtained"--was diluted with enough xylene to obtain a -60% solutionof thedesin. The viscosity of this 60% xylene solution was 5110.7 stokes at 25 C. The content of ,fatty acid in thelresinaso obtained was 15.2% d e. fl 8..- ll m 'Q1Z-Qfaiunctional g p Of P hydric alcohol composition-was 2.60.

I EXAMPLETZ As in Example. 1, there were reacted with each other 1399 parts (0. 945) ofphthalic acid anhydride, 48.4 parts (0.403) of-trimethylolethane, 62.1 parts (0.597) of neopentyl glycol and 41.4 parts (0.197) of coconut oil fatty acid. When the product had an acid value of 5 mg. KOH/ g. resin, the resin thus obtained was diluted with enough xylene to obtain a 60% solution thereof. The viscosity of this "solution'wa's-6.0 stokes at 25 C. The content of'f atty acidin'the'resin so obtained was 15.3% and the average' huhiber'of functional groups of polyhyd'ric' alcohol "composition was 2.40.

" EXAMPLE 3,

ln 'accordance withthe procedure of Example 1, 127.1 parts (0.859) of phthalic acid anhydride, 1 4.9 parts (=.102=)'.of adipic acid,-:31.3 parts" (0.230) of pentaerythrit0l,"47;7' parts (0.770) of ethylene glycol and 49.8 parts (0.178)- of soyabean oilfatty acid were reacted with one anothe1.-When theproduct hadan acid value of mg. KOH/g aesin the resin thuspbtained was diluted with Xylene enough to make.a 60% solution thereof, the viscosity ofwhich was 8.8; stokesat 25 C. The resin so obtained had a content fof jpf fatty acid and the average'f number ,of func 'onal groups of polyhydric alcohol composition used was 2.46.

EXAMPLE 4 As in Example 1, there were together reacted 124.0 parts (0.747) of .isophthalic acid,28.9 parts (0.198) of adipic acid, 72.4 parts (0.603) of trimethylolethane, 41.3 parts (0.397) of neopentyl glycol and 41.6 parts (0.198) of average oil fatty acid. When the product had an acid value of 5 mg. KOH/ g. resin, ,resin thus obtained was diluted with suflicien't x-ylene tof o'btain a 60% solution thereof having a viscosity of.1.1l7'.6..stokes at 25 C. The resin so produced had a, content of 15.4% fatty acid and the average number ofYfunction-al groups of polyhydric alcohol composition used was 2.60.

EXAM PLE'. 5

In the same reacting vessel as used in Example 1 were charged with 50.1 parts (0.075) of alkaline refined cocowhile stirring to make the whole material homogeneous, and then xylene was added in an amount of 5% of the whole material while maintaining the temperature at 230 C. The product had an acid value of 6 mg. KOH/ g. resin. The resin so obtained was diluted with xylene to obtain a solution thereof. The viscosity of this solution was 10 stokes at 25 C. The content of fatty acid in the resin so produced was 16.8% and the average number of functional groups of polyhydric alcohol composition was 2.51.

EXAMPLE 6 The same reacting vessel as used in Example 1 was charged with 102.7 parts (0.694) of phthalic acid anhydride, 47.2 parts (0.246) of trimellitic acid anhydride, 21.5 parts (0.147) of adipic acid, 72.2 parts (0.602) of trimethylolethane, 41.4 parts (0.398) of neopentyl glycol and 41.2 parts (0.196) of coconut oil fatty acid. The resulting mixture was heated to C. under agitation while introducing nitrogen gas into the vessel, then maintained at this temperature for one hour and further heated gradually to C. in two hours. The heating being stopped when the product had an acid value of 78 mg. KOH/g. resin; the reaction product was cooled to 130 C. and diluted with 300 parts of ethylene glycol monobutyl ether with stirring until the mixture was made homogeneous; and then the homogeneous mixture was mixed with 139 parts of diethanolamine and 400 parts of Water stirring the whole material until homogenized to obtain a transparent 50% aqueous solution having a viscosity of 30 stokes at 25 C. The content of fatty acid in the resin thus obtained was 13.7% and the average number of functional groups of polyhydric alcohol composition was 2.60.

EXAMPLE 7 In the same manner as in Example 1, there were reacted with one another 112.5 parts (0.760) of phthalic acid anhydride, 27.7 parts (0.190) of adipic acid, 72.8 parts (0.700) of neopentyl glycol, 40.2 parts (0.300) of trimethylolpropane and 27.3 parts (0.130) of coconut oil fatty acid. When the product had an acid value of 5 mg. KOH/g. resin, the resin thus obtained was diluted with xylene enough to obtain a 60% solution thereof which showed its viscosity to be 6.3 stokes at 25 C. The content of fatty acid in the resin thus obtained was 10.6% and the average number of functional groups of polyhydric alcohol composition was 2.30.

EXAMPLE 8 Following the same procedure as in Example 1, there 1 of fatty acid in the resin so produced was 10.3% and the average number of functional groups of polyhydric alcohol composition was 2.55.

EXAMPLE 9' In the same manner as in Example 1, there were reacted :with each other 1406- parts (0.950) of phthalic acid ,,.anhydride, 40.2 parts (0.300) of neopentyl glycol, 93.8 parts (0.700) of trimethylolpropane and 60.2 parts nut oil, 57.9 parts (0.432) of trimethylolpropane,"51.3

parts (0.493) of neopentylglycol and 0025 parts (about 0.05% of the oil) of litharge, and the resulting mixture was heatedat 220.? C. for one hour 'while stirring to make it;homogeneous..,.1,12.0 parts (0.1757) of phthalic acid anhydridevand. 301. parts (0.206) of adipic acid was addedto themix ture and heated at 230 C. .for two hours (0.215) of soyabean oil fatty acid. When'th e product had an acidzvalueof 5 mg. KOH/g. resin, .the residue so obtained wasdiluted with enough xylene to obtain a 60% solution thereof having the viscosity of 8.8 stokes at 25 C. The content of fatty acid in the resin thus produced was18.7% and the average number of functional group of polyhydric alcohol composition was 2.70.

7 REFERENCE EXAMPLE The same reacting vessel as used in Example 1 was charged with 103.6 parts (0.700) of phthalic acid anhydride, 33.6 parts (0.280) of adipic acid, 134.0 parts (1.000) of trimethylolpropane and 50.2 parts (0.239) of coconut oil fatty acid and then with of xylene based on the whole material charged. The resulting mixture was heated to 230 C. under agitation and reacted at this temperature. When the product had an acid value of mg. KOH/ g. resin, the resin thus obtained was tried in vain to be dissolved in xylene and it was thus diluted to obtain a 60% solution thereof with ethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate. This solution so produced had 16.7 stokes in viscosity at 25 C. The content of fatty acid in the resin so obtained was 16.9% and the average number of functional groups of polyhydric alcohol composition was 3.00.

Test 1 The short oil alkyd resins of this invention produced in Examples l-9 (except Example 6), the alkyd resin obtained in said Reference Example, the conventional known alkyd resin and the oil-free alkyd resin were tested for solubility in various solvents and compatibility with other resins. In the solubility test 50 parts (by solid) of each of the said resins was incorporated with 50 parts of a solvent to determine its solubility. The compatibility test was conducted by preparing a solution containing each of the resins in the following ratio by weight, calculated as solid, spraying onto a glass plate enough of the solution to form a 30 thick dry-film thereon and then baking. Baking conditions are shown in the parentheses for the resins which needed baking. The results obtained from the comparison test are shown in the following Tables 1(a) and I(b).

Amino resinzalkyd resin=30z70 (baking conditions: 140 0., 30 min.) Acrylic resinzalkyd resin=50z50 (baking conditions: 80 0., mm.) N itroeellulose:alkyd resin=50: 100 (non-baklng) Acetylbutylcellulose: alkyd res1n=50z 50 (non-baking) 2: Molar ratio of formaldehyde to melamine is 4.8: 1.0.

3: Molar ratio of formaldehyde to melamine is 5.6: 1.0.

4: Trade name of methanol-modified melamine resin produced by Nippon Carbide Co., Ltd., Japan.

5: Trade name of methanol-modified melamine resin produced by American Cyanamid Co.

6: Trade name of thermoplastic acrylonitrile resin produced by Hitachi Chemical Co., Ltd., Japan.

7: Trade name of nitrocellulose for paints, produced by Daicel Co., Ltd., Japan.

-8: Trade name of acetylbutylcellulose produced by Eastman Chemical Products, Inc.

9: This resin was composed of phthalic acid anhydride, trimethylolpropane and coconut oil fatty acid in the molar ratio of 1.00:1.00:0.50. The content of fatty acid in the resin was 29.2% and the average number of functional groups of polyhydric alcohol composition was 3.00. A nonvolatile matter of xylene solution of the resin had a viscosity of 6.3 stokes at 25 C.

10: The resin consisted of isophthalic acid, adipic acid, neopentyl glycol and trimethylolpropane in the molar ratio of 0.63:0.27:0.80:0.20. It contained no fatty acids, and the average number of functional groups of polyhydric alcohol composition was 2.20. The resin had an acid value of 7.5 mg. KOH/ g. resin, and a 60% nonvolatile matter of an ethylene glycol monobutyl ether solution had a viscosity of 12.9 stokes at 25 C.

Test 2 A test for tensile strength was made on a baked coating film formed of a resin varnish prepared by mixing each of the resins of Examples 1 to 9 (except Example 6), Reference Example and Notes 1 and 2 shown in Table I, (a) and (b), with Nikalac NS #11 (methanol-modified melamine-formaldehyde resin produced by Nippon Carbide Co., Ltd.) in the ratio by parts of 75:25, calculated as solid.

The baked coating films were obtained by spraying the resin varnish onto a piece (300 x 200 x 0.3 mm.) of tin plate in such an amount as to form a coating of :5, in thickness when dried, baking the coated tin plate pieces at 160 C. for 30 minutes and then peeling off the baked coating films from the pieces by means of mercury amalgamation process. The free films thus obtained were cut into pieces (20 x 5 mm.) which were then exposed to 60 C. for one day and to 20 C. for

Compatibility n Butanol n Butanol modified modified Nitro. melaminemelaminecellulose formaldehyde formaldehyde Nikalac Cymel Hitaloid for paints resin-1 resin-1 NS #11 300 1206 RS 1/2 EAB381-% Test sample (Note 2) (Note 3) (Note 4) (Note 5) (Note 6) (Note 7) (Note 8) Resin 0t Exam le:

1 p C C C C C C 1 2. C C C C C C C 3. 0 C C C 10 C C 4. PO 0 C C 0 0 1 5. C C C C C C C 7 C C C C C C C 8 PO C C C c, 3 1C 9 a C C C C 10 0 10 Reference example. 10 IC PC C C 0 IC Alkyd resin (Note 9) C C C C C C 10 Oil-free alkyd resin (Note 10) 10 IC 0 C O C IC NOTE. The symbols S, PS," IS, 0 PC and I0 represent soluble, partially soluble, insoluble,

patible, partially compatible and incompatible, respectively.

NOTES the next seven days. The pieces so treated were subjected to the test in which they were tensioned at a velocity of 40 mm./min., at 20 C., using a tester (Tensilon UTM II type manufactured by Toyo Sokki Co., Ltd, Japan).

Each of the pieces was tested three times and the average values are shown in Table II.

TABLE II wherein X is an elongation (cm.), x" an elongation (cm) at breaking point and f(x) :1 tensileustrength (kg/cm?) at the elongation XCIll.

Test 3 The white enamels were tested for their performances.

The white enamels were prepared by mixing the resin of each of Examples 1 to 9, Reference Example and Notes 9 and 10 of Test 1, with Nikalac NS #11 in the ratio by parts of 75:25, calculated as solid, and then mixing 100 parts (as solid) of the mixed resin with 50 parts of rutile type titanium dioxide to obtain a dispersion of the dioxide into the resin. An epoxy ester type primer was coated on pieces of zinc phosphatetreated iron plate with a Bar Coater (trade name of a coating machine manufactured by R. D. Specialities Incorporated) in such an amount as to form a 3p, thickness coating when the primer coated on the iron plate was baked, and the coated pieces were baked at 260 C. for 50 seconds to dry it. The coated pieces were further coated with said white enamels by a Bar Coater in such an amount as to form thereon a 12p. thickness in the dry film and then treating the pieces in such a manner that one-third thereof were baked at 250 C. for 50 seconds, another one-third thereof at 270 C. for 50 seconds, and the remaining onethird thereof at 290 C. for 50 seconds. The tests were carried out in the following manners: Testing method.

1) Crosscut adhesion.Number of frames not removed, by pressing on and rapidly removing Scotch tape, to 100 frames made of crosscut of 1 mm. space.

(2) Crosscut adhesion after Erichsen-After 100 10 frames on the test panel were made of crosscut of 1 mm. space, 5 mm. of Erichsen Depth was made by Erichsen Tester. And then evaluated number of frames not removed by pressing on and rapidly removing Scotch tape.

(3) Impact resistance.After mechanical shock was given on to coated surface of the test panel by Parlin Du Pont Impact Tester under conditions of A1, 500 g., 50 cm., Scotch tape was pressed on and rapidly removed. The symbol P represents no defect, and the symbol F represents removements of the film.

(4) Pencil hardness.A set of pencils ranging from 6B soft to 6H hard was pushed in turn into the film at 45 degree to the surface. The hardest pencil by which film is not breaked is indicated as a pencil hardness.

(5) Bend test.--The test panel was set a vise and bent 90 degrees. The bent panel was pressed hard (to 180 degree). Scotch tape was pressed on and rapidly removed. If the film was caused to chip, the above-mentioned process was repeated except putting a piece of steel panel (0.27 mm. thickness) inner bending portion. Furthermore, if the -film was still caused to chip, the number of steel panels was increased until no chipping occurred. The results are given the number of pieces of the steel panel put in. Therefore, the smaller in number is the more excellent in bending property.

(6) Salt spray test.ASTM Bll7-62. The time of evaluation is time until corrosion or other failure appeared.

(7) Gloss degrees) after out-of-door weatherdurability test.-After the test panel was exposed out-ofdoor for a year according to ASTM Dl0l4-51, gloss was measured by ASTM D52362T.

(8) Solvent resistance.-The test was made three times on each of the test samples by rubbing it with a xyleneimpregnated gauze held by human fingers until the surface of the under coating of the samples was bared, and the results were expressed in terms of the average frequency of the rubbing.

(9) Appearance of coating.-Visual observation of film with respect to leveling, wrinkles, fish eyes and cratering.

The symbol G represents those with no defects.

The numerals 1, 2 and 3 of Note 1 represent the baking conditions of 250 C. for 50 seconds, 270 C. for 50 seconds and 290 C. for 50 seconds, respectively.

Note 2 means that because the alkyd resin of Example 6 was soluble in water, there was used a varnish prepared by mixing the alkyd resin with CYMEL 300 (a hexakismethoxymethylolmelamine produced by American Cyanamid C0.) in a ratio by parts of :20, calculated as solid.

TABLE III(a) Tests Crosscut adhesion Crosscut after Impact Pencil Baking, adhesio Erichsen resistance hardness Bend test Resins Note 1 (2 C.) (20 C.) (20 C.) 20 C. (20 C.)

'n otE am 1 1 ..1 100/1 1 /1 ,1, 7. AH ,0 Res! x De 2 100/100 100/100 P 4H 0 3 100/100 100/100 P 4H 1 Resn of Exam 1e 2 r .1... 1 /1 10 /1 P 3H 1 l p 2 100/100 100/100 13v 411. 1 y W W V 3 100 100 100 100 P' 4H 2 Ites'n 0mm 1 3. v 1 100 100 100 100 P 21 2 l mpe 2 100/100 100/100 P 4H 1 e r 1 3 100/100 100/100 P. 4H 1 R fE 1 4 1 100 100 10 /100 P 4H 1 esmo xampe 2 100 I100 100/100 P 4H 1 I W 3 100/100 /100 P 5H 2 {E l 5 I 1 /1 0 100/100 P 3H 1 33 g r s 2 100 00 100 100 P 4H 1 U 3 100/100 100/100 P 4H 2 -Resin 6: Exam 1e 6 Note 2 2 100 100 100 100 P 511 1 p 3 95/100 P 2 TABLE II1(a)C0ntinned Tests Crosscut r adhesion v. v. v. a w Crosseut after Impact Pencil Baking, adhesion Erichsen resistance hardness Bend test Resins Note 1 C.) (20 C.) (20 C.) (20 C.) (20 C.)

Resin of Example 7 1 100/100 100/ 100 F 3H 2 2 100/100 100/100 P 4H 1 3 100 100 100 100 P 511 1 Resin of Example 8 1 100/100 100/100 P 4H 1 2 100/100 100/100 P 5H 1 v 3 100/100 80 /100 P 511 2 Resin of Example 9 1 100/100 100/100 P 2H 0 2 100/100 100/100 P 4H 1 1 3 100/100 85/100 P 4H 3' Reference example 1 80/10 50/100 P 4H 4 2 70/ 100 /100 F 5H 5 3 100 0 100 F GE 5 Alkyd resin .Q 1 100 100 100 100 F HB 2 2 95/100 05/100 P H 1 3 80/ 100 75/ 100 F 2H 3 Oil-free alkyd resin. 1 100/100 100/100 F 4H 2 2 100/100 95 100 P 5H 1 3 100/100 100 P 5H 1 TABLE I1I(b) Tests Gloss (60) after out-oi-door weather durability test Solvent spray One resistance Appear- Baking, test year (times at ance of Resin Note 1 (hr.) Initial after 20 C.) coating Resin of Example 1 1 800 90 78 80 G 2 1,000 86 78 100 G 3 1,000 86 80 100 G Resin of Example 2 1 700 as 75 G Resin of Example 3 1 600 87 72 70 G 2 800 85 77 92 G 3 1,000 84 77 100 G Resin of Example 4 1 1, 000 89 100 G 2 1,000 87 78 100 G 3 1,000 78 100 G Resin of Example 6 1 500 85 72 85 G Resin of Example 6 (Note 2).. 2 800 84 70 100 G IV Resin of Example 7 1 700 92 70 80 G 2 1,000 90 78 100 G 3 1,000 90 78 100 G Resin of Example 8 1 900 93 80 100 G 2 1,000 90 75 100 G 3 1,000 88 72 100 G Resin of Example 9 1 700 85 73 80 G 2 800 83 70 95 G 3 1,000 S2 70 G Reference example 1 800 70 45 100 2 1, 000 62 38 100 3 1, 000 55 35 100 Alkyd resin 1 300 90 65 10 G 2 500 85 62 30 G 3 700 81 62 50 G Oil-tree alkyd resin 1 1, 000 88 72 100 2 1,000 85 74 100 3 1, 000 85 74 100 l Fisheyes and cratering are liable to be produced.

formance. The composition of the new white enamel was (35 as follows: Test 4 T t Conveni es tiona There was prepared a white enamel in the form of an 4 enamel air drylng type acetylbutylcellulose modiiied acryhc resin EAB (produced by Eastman Chemical pamt in which a part of the acrylic resin has been sub- 70 lzrpdi c tg nc,). 100 100 stituted by the short oil alkyl resin of Example 3. The 200 250 conventional alkyd resins have not been used in such a E KR TP 50 paint because of their poor compatibility with acetylbutyi- Ltd 117 117 cellulose. The new white enamel thus prepared was tested Total 467 467 for comparison with the conventional white enamel in per- 7 Pieces; (300 x 80 x 1 mm.) of mild steel plate polished in proportions such that the average number of hydroxy with stand paper and degreased with xylene were sprayed functional groups per each polyol molecule varies subwith enough of anamin oalkyd resin paint for automobiles stantially linearly from 2.25 to 2.55 at 10% by weight to; form thereonacoating which-would have a thickness fatty acid to 2.45 to 2.75 at 20% by weight fatty acid. ofjOiSh when driedand were then baked at 140 C. 5 2. The short oil alkyd resin of claim 1, wherein the for'30-minutess'1he coatedpieces thus baked were ground polybasic acid is selected from the group consisting of with a waterproof ed sandpaper using water. Some of the aromatic carboxylic acids, cycloaliphatic dibasic carboxpieces thus obtained were furthericoated with the aboveylic acids, aliphatic dibasic carboxylic acids and their acid mentioned new enamel paint. (this,paint being diluted with anhydrides.

a thinner so that the viscosity being 15-16 seconds by 3. The short oil alkyd resin of claim 2, wherein the Ford'Cup-(No. 4) in such an amount as to form a coating aromatic carboxylic acid is phthalic, isophthalic, terephwhich would be 50i5 in thickness when dried, and then thalic or trimellitic acid.

dried atZO C. for-48 hours-to obtain test panels; while 4. The short oil alkyd resin of claim 2, wherein the th IStLQfjthfl o t d, i yw o t d ith th oncycloaliphatic dibasic carboxylic acid is tetrahydrophthalventional enamel paintfor comparison as the same manit? hBXahYdIOPhthaHC, hl r p h l a r m ner. The results obtained from Test 4 are indicated in phthalic, 3,6-endomethylene-A -tetraphthalic or 3,6-cndotheifollowing'Table v p l j dichloromethylene-A -tetraphthalic acid.

" TABLEIV Water resistance One Two Five 1.2 a day days days Cross-cut tape test after Test Pencil hardness Gasoline resistance after after after water resistance test Gloss (60) Test4 2H-" 9F 90 100 90.

Conventional enamel- 211....5 A 9M.- 8M 8D 10/100 80.

Remarks Evaluated by the The results were expressed Immersed in water at Evaluated 5 days after Evaluated in accordsame manner by gloss obtained after C. Evaluated in water resistance. ance with the same described in efiectlng twenty-time accordance with Testing method was manner described Test 3. reciprocating rubbmgs ASTM D714-56 the same manner in Test 3 agalnst the test panels described in Test 3 (1). with an automobile gasoline-impregnated gauze.

NOTE. --The evaluation symbols, O, A, and x, represent superior to poor in this order with being superior and x being poor.

5. The short oil alkyd resin of claim 2, wherein the ali- Test 5 phatic dibasic carboxylic acid is succlmc, maleic, ad1p1c,

There were prepared nitrocellulose lacquer white l i b i id enamels havmsthe followmg composltlons y p 6. The short oil alkyd resin of claim 1, wherein the Calculated as respectlvelyi glycol is ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, 1,2-butane- Hm Rs diol, 1,2-pentanediol, 2,3-pentanediol, threo-2,3-p.entane- N'tr r 12 100 i fgi g g g ggig g 200 4O diol, erythro 2,3 pentanediol, 3 methyl 1,2 butaned ol, Alkyd resin oi Note9oiTest1 20o trimethylenc glycol, B-butylene glycol, 2,4-pentaned1ol, g 'if gfgggg gfi 38 2,2-dimethyltrimethylene glycol, 2,2-dirnethyl-l,3-butane- Total m (1101, 2,2-d1methyl-1,3-pentaned1ol, tetramethylene glycol,

1,4-pentanediol, 3-methyl-2,5-pentanediol, 1,4-hexanediol, The test panels were Prepared in the same manner 2,5-hexanediol,pentamethylene glycol, 1,5-hexanediol and described in Test 4 except using above-mentioned nitrohexamethylene cellulose laquer white enamels (the enamel being diluted The shoft 011 alkyd resm of C 1a1m 1, Whe1'e1n the with a lacquer thinner so that the Ford cup No. 4 rating or tetrahydflc 31001101 is glyceflnes tflmethylolethane, of the diluted enamel i 17-13 e ond trimethylolpropane, 1,2,6-hexanetriol or pentaerythritol.

These two type test panels were tested for comparison, 8. The sho t Oil alkyd resin of claim 1 wherein the and the results are shown in the following Table V. fatty acid is a vegetable oil, a vegetable oil fatty acid, a

TABLE V Weather-durability I Change in color Change in gloss, Lard resistance Test panels containing the No. 8 8070 O.

resin of Example 1.

Test panels containing the No. 6 80-50 x.

i esin of Note 9 of Test Remarks Evaluated in ac- Evaluated in ac- A half of the surface or the test panels was coated 100*10 1 in thickness with cordanee with cordance with lard, after two hours the grease was wiped off, and then observed the degree ASTM B65944. ASTM D532-62T. of changes in color of said surface compared with another half.

See note at end of Table IV.

What is claimed is: tall oil fatty acid or an aliphatic monobasic acid having 1. A short oil alkyd resin containing from 10% to from 6 to 18 carbon atoms. 2 y welght of fatty aclds, and conslstms essennallv of 9. A short oil alkyd resin containing from 10% to the reaction product of:

( at least one fatty acid having from 6 to 18 carbon 20% by weight of fatty acids, and consisting essentially of the reaction product of:

t (b z i z least one polybasic acid and at least one fatty acid having from 6 to 18 carbon (c) a mixture of at least one primary or Secondary atoms and wherein the fatty acid is a vegetable oil, a glycol with at least one trihydric or tetrahydric 211- Vegetable 011 fatty 'acld, a tall Oil fatty acid an cohol; aliphatic monobasic acid;

15 1a (b) at least one polybasic acid selected from the group ethane, trimethylolpropane, 1,2,6-hexanetril or consisting of aromatic carboxylic acids, cycloalipentaerythritol; I phatic dibasic carboxylic acids, aliphatic dibasic carin proportions such that the average number of hydroxy boxylic acids and their acid anhydrides, and wherein functional groups per each polyol molecule varies subthe aromatic carboxylic acid is phthalic, isophthalic, stantially linearly from 2.25 to 2.55 at by weight terephthalic or trimellitic acid, the cycloaliphatic fatty acid to 2.45 to 2.75 at 20% by weight fatty acid. dibasic carboxylic acid is tetrahydrophthalic, hexahydrophthalic, tetrachlorophthalic, tetrabromophthal- References Cited ic, 3,6-endornethylene-A -tetraphthalic or 3,6-endo- UNITED STATES PATENTS dichloromethylenc-A -tetraphthalic acid, and the ali- 10 phatic dibasic carboxylic acid is succinic, maleic, 2905650 9/1959 Agens 260*22 adi 1 b d 2,915,486 12/1959 Shelley 260-21 Se 3 039980 6/1962 M 11' 260-22 (c) a mixture of at least one pnmary or secondary 58 12 5 aflson 0 glycol with at least one trihydric or tetrahydric 196 Kmt 26 22 alcohol, wherein the glycol is ethylene glycol, pro- 15 FOREIGN PATENTS pylene glycol, 1,2-butanediol, 1,2-pentanediol, 2,3- 559 543 7/1958 Canada PentanediOl, thrw'zfi'lemanedml erythm'm'pen' 868 574 5/1961 Great 1312;515:1211: 260-22 tanediol, 3 methyl 1,2 butanediol, trimethylene glycol, B-butylene glycol, 2,4-pentanediol, 2,2-dimethyltrimethylene glycol, 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-butane- WELSH Pnmfiry Exammer diol, 2,2-dimethyl-1,Z-pentanediol, tetramethylene GRIFFIN, Assistant Examiner glycol, 1,4-pentanediol, 3-methyl-2,5-pentanediol,

1,4-hexanediol, 2,5-hexanediol, pentamethylene glycol, 1,5-hexanediol and hexamethylene glycol and a the trior tetrahydric alcohol is glycerine, trimethylol- 117124 E, 132 R, 161 K; 26 033.6 R 

